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1- Fault
An unplanned occurrence or defect in an item which may result in one or more failures of the item itself or of other associated equipment
NOTE - In electrical equipment, a fault may or may not result in damage to the insulation and failure of the equipment.
2- Non-damage fault
A fault which does not involve repair or replacement action at the point of the fault
NOTE - Typical examples are self-extinguishing arcs in switching equipment or general overheating without paper carbonization.
3- Damage fault
A fault which involves repair or replacement action at the point of the fault
4- Incident
An event related to an internal fault which temporarily or permanently disturbs the normal operation of an equipment [IEV, modified]
NOTE - Typical examples are gas alarms, equipment tripping or equipment leakage.
5- Failure
The termination of the ability of an item to perform a required function
NOTE - In the electrical equipment, failure will result from a damage fault or incident necessitating outage, repair or replacement of the equipment, such as internal breakdown, rupture of tank, fire or explosion.
6- Electrical fault
A partial or disruptive discharge through the insulation.
7- Partial discharge
A discharge which only partially bridges the insulation between conductors. Itmay occur inside the insulation or adjacent to a conductor
8- Discharge (disruptive) .
The passage of an arc following the breakdown of the insulation
9-thermal fault
Excessive temperature rise in the insulation
Types of Faults
v Over current
v Unbalance current
v Single phasing
v Short Circuits
v Phase to earth
v Phase to Phase
v All Three Phases
v Phase to Phase and Earth
v Over Voltage
v Unbalance Voltage
v Under Voltage
v Over Frequency
v Under Frequency
4. Powerswings
Active Power / Reactive Power
The human mind is a wonderful thing. Cognition, the act or process of thinking, enables us to process vast amounts of information quickly. For example, every time your eyes are open, you brain is constantly being bombarded with stimuli. You may be consciously thinking about one specific thing, but you brain is processing thousands of subconscious ideas. Unfortunately, our cognition is not perfect, and there are certain judgment errors that we are prone to making, known in the field of psychology as cognitive biases. They happen to everybody regardless of age, gender, education, intelligence, or other factors.
The faults come in two types
Technical faults
Human faults
Human faults come in two types
Intentional faults , It can be because of misuse or recklessness by the operator
Untentional faults , It can be because lack of training or that the operator is not qualified to operate the unit.
For example If we find a fault in engine that needs a complete repair and we find that the problem came because engine oil is not changed at the right time (here we can say it's human fault 100%) so if we focus on the main causes of the problems and solve them, we will not face this kind of problem again.
Other types of faults are definitely technical and I wanted to explain the general picture about the faults.
Equipment and machinery technical faults are very large and relate to many specialized sections such as software,hydraulic,mechanical , and electrical engineering but Unfortunately the time and space are not enough to review it here.
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