أنشئ حسابًا أو سجّل الدخول للانضمام إلى مجتمعك المهني.
A direct labour
B direct material
C researsh and development
D after sale services
C research and Development Cost
The right answer is C.
The upstream cost is the before production costs like research and development, designing, testing, etc.
C research and Development Cost
R&D is considered as up stream Cost as it is a pre-production cost,option a and b can also be considered but in above options given C can be prioritized.
In my opinion a,b & c are the correct answers as these all are required prior to product or service launch for any business firms.
A value chain is a set of activities that a firm operating in a specific industry performs in order to deliver a valuable product or service for the market. The concept comes from business management and was first described and popularized by Michael Porter in his best-seller, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance.[1]
The idea of the value chain is based on the process view of organizations, the idea of seeing a manufacturing (or service) organization as a system, made up of subsystems each with inputs, transformation processes and outputs. Inputs, transformation processes, and outputs involve the acquisition and consumption of resources - money, labour, materials, equipment, buildings, land, administration and management. How value chain activities are carried out determines costs and affects profits.
هل تحتاج لمساعدة في كتابة سيرة ذاتية تحتوي على الكلمات الدلالية التي يبحث عنها أصحاب العمل؟